Slavery and Liberty – Profit vs. Morality - 1306 Words

Slavery and Liberty – Profit vs. Morality 18th-Century British Writers Speed the Process of Freedom â€Å"By the late 18th century, over eleven million African men, women and children had been taken from Africa to be used as slaves in the West Indies and the American colonies. Great Britain was the mightiest superpower on earth and its empire was built on the backs of slaves. The slave trade was considered acceptable by all but a few. Of them even fewer were brave enough to speak it.† (Amazing Grace 2006) Discussions of slavery often focus on America’s involvement and the division of the new country – for and against the â€Å"peculiar institution† – during the War Between the States. It is important to remember that not only†¦show more content†¦This was a hard task since most people in the Parliament gained vast profits doing business from slave trading. The two major arguments in favor of slavery were its biblical basis and its profitability. Religious pro-slavery arguments were mostly popular in America and Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States of America, said: â€Å"[Slavery] was established by decree of Almighty God ... It is sanctioned in the Bible, in both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation ... It has existed in all ages, has been found among the people of the highest civilization, and in nations of the highest proficiency in the arts.† 4 In England, the focus was more on the profit gained from slave trade and the income earned by the British colonies. The movie â€Å"Amazing Grace† (2006) gives a perfect description of the British 18th century battle for abolition and illustrates Wilberforce’s fight against the powerful anti-abolition lobby in Parliament. Duke of Clarence (portrayed Toby Jones) son of King George’s third, is an example of a person from the Parliament who is finan cially tied to slave trade and expressed in a anti-abolition speech in the movie: â€Å"If we did not have slaves, there would be no plantation. If we left the colonies, the French would then come in and there would beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Race Relations in the U.S.2124 Words   |  9 Pagessafer than a gun. This was a valuable lesson Ive learned from my forefathers, who did both. Others in my country react on instinct and choose not to deliberate the issue as I have. If they are black, they are imprisoned or dead. As The People vs. Simpson storms through its ninth month, the United States awaits the landmark decision that will determine justice. O.J. Simpson would not have had a chance in 1857. Racial segregation, discrimination, and degradation are no accidents inRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesconfidence in the morality of business behaviour. For example, the best way to prevent famine relief is to create additional income for the people, and letting them purchase more goods with this money. By distributing relief to the government, it is much slower, more wasteful, etc. Giving the role of providing for a population suffering from famine to grain traders is problematic, because this raises issue of trustworthiness. It is likely the traders will manipulate prices to raise profit. Even using governmentRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagesethical principles which forbid doing anything to destroy or harm another â€Å" person’s life or marriage or reputation of property† Via a rule exemplified by the Golden Rule (or its variations in many religions) and the Ten Commandments, religious morality is clearly a primary force in shaping our societal ethics. The question her concerns the applicability of religious ethics to the business community. 2- Genetic Inheritance: In recent years, social-biologists have lots of evidence and argumentsRead MoreThe Role of Advertising in Marketing Communications9872 Words   |  40 Pagesthen purchase the product. This is true even for brands where brand loyalty exists. Customers wait and time their purchases to coincide with promotional offers on their preferred brands. Thus, the routine sales at the market price are lost and the profit margin is reduced because of the discounts to be offered during sale-season. ‘The Diwali Bonanza Offers’ on electronic goods. 2. Quality image may become tarnished: If the promotions in a product category have been rare, the promotions couldRead MoreCommercial Liens - a Potent Weapon Essay32374 Words   |  130 PagesCommercial Affidavit Process †¢ Constitutions as Enforceable Contracts †¢ Bonding of Government Officials Chapter 3 †¢ Basic Concepts of Liens †¢ Lien - Definition †¢ Different Types of Liens †¢ Comparisons †¢ Liens vs. Levies Chapter 4 †¢ Procedure and Implementation †¢ Research †¢ Notice and Demand †¢ Notice of Default †¢ Commercial Lien †¢ Lawsuits and Criminal Complaints Chapter 5 †¢ Mistakes and Pitfalls to Avoid Read MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesLow-Intensity Aggression 90 THE RULE OF LAW IN NAT’L SECURITY AFFAIRS: In repealing the war powers resloution, Robert F. Turner 91 U.N. RESOLUTION 1441: 8 NOVEMBER 2002 96 MYTHS AND REALITIES IN THE VIETNAM DEBATE, Robert F. Turner 97 JNM: Morality and the Rule of Law in the Foreign Policy of the Democracies 100 Notes on DA Koplow: assignment 12 104 CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE ROLE OF LAW (Tipson) Goal Clarification: What is NationalRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pages Training in International Management The Impact of Overall Management Philosophy on Training The Impact of Different Learning Styles on Training and Development Reasons for Training 520 522 523 524 Types of Training Programs Standardized vs. Tailor-Made Cultural Assimilators Positive Organizational Behavior 526 526 529 530 xxvi Table of Contents Future Trends The World of International Management—Revisited Summary of Key Points Key Terms Review and Discussion Questions InternetRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesIn a business firm, marketing generates the revenues that are managed by financial people and used by the productions people in creating products or services. The challenge of marketing is to generate that revenue by satisfying consumers wants at a profit and in a socially responsible manner. Marketing is not limited to business. Whenever you try to persuade somebody to do something you are engaging in marketing. Thus marketing has a broad societal meaning. In fact, the societal view is more trulyRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesanother clue to an oral tradition behind it. The entire epics of Homer were composed orally and committed to someone’s memory. Both epics are longer than the Picatrix, so it was possible for a trained person to learn it off by h eart. Twelve Solar vs. Twenty-Eight Divisions The Picatrix material produced many surprises for me. For example in the Middle Ages it was thought that the unlucky Via Combusta was shorter, extending from only 18 deg. Libra to 3 deg. Scorpio. The main surprise was that elections

Ancient Artifacts Of The Great Things That Is Known About...

One of the great things that is known about Darius is his understanding the importance of religions within his empire. During his stay in Egypt, Darius gave tributes to the Egyptian gods and dedicated many temples to some of them. Ancient artifacts show that there were sacrifices made to several deities of different cultures. He supported faiths and religions of his empire as long as the believers were submissive and peaceful. It was established during Darius’ reign that the king was a believer in Ahura Mazda, the god of Zoroastrianism. He believed that Ahura Mazda had given him the â€Å"divine right† to rule Persia because he had lived righteously by Asha. When Darius was expressing religious tolerance, a great example that he expressed it†¦show more content†¦Research on the Old Testament is even today concerned with finding out both the ‘historical’ facts in these texts, and the significance of the Persian empire in the history of the Jewish communities in Palestine, Babylonia and Egypt, their theological convictions and religious and ritual establishments, as well as the evolution of their literature (the ‘Old Testament’). During the first year of the reign of Darius, he placed several governors to be in charged of twenty provincial governorships which watched over the collection of taxes. The inhabitants of these provinces, each community within its own borders, went on, from year to year, in their various pursuits of peaceful industry, governed mainly, in their relations to each other, by the natural sense of justice instinctive in man, and by those thousand local institutions and usages which are always springing up in all human communities under the influence of this principle. There were governors stationed over these provinces, whose main duty it was to collect and remit to the king the tribute which the province was required to furnish him. These governors were also to suppress any domestic outbreak of violence, and to repel any foreign invasion which might occur. A sufficient military force was placed at their disposal to enable them to fulfill these functions. They paid these troops from sums which they collected in their provinces under the same system by which they collected the

E Commerce A Network Of Intricate Commercial Activities

Electronic Commerce has been given several definitions. In its largest sense, E-Commerce can be defined as the whole commercial transactions, whether national or transnational, carried out thanks to electronic processing and transmission of data: texts, sound, and images. This consists in applying the information and communication technology (IT) to commercial activities: conception and production; while involving a certain number of public or private agents in direct or indirect forms. Today E-Commerce has become a network of intricate commercial activities at the planetary level. E-Commerce facilitates the distribution and the exchange of goods and services. The ranges of consumer goods are very broad. One can electronically sell†¦show more content†¦The challenge of E-Commerce consists in elaborating an adapted prescriptive, a normative framework i.e. taking into consideration the environment where the paper document, conceived as the privileged and sometimes compulsory vector of the will of parties can no longer play its traditional role. The matter consists, in a way, in achieving a certain conciliation between the principles of the freedom of commerce and the need to facilitate E-Commerce. Thus, it consists of setting up flexible rules while keeping in mind the need for safety and protection of the consumer. Some authors today speak about the Lex Electronica. The Lex Electronica would correspond to a number of the informal legal rules applicable in the framework of E-Commerce. I1 would have institutional sources (international conventions, codes of conduct of business, standard contracts) and substantial sources consisting of the contractual practices and the general principles of law and practices. At the institutional level, several efforts have been deployed in order to regulate E-Commerce by the international authorities such as WIPO, WTO, ODCE, UNCTAD, UNCITRAL and the European Council. One can mention, in particular, the standard Law on E-Commerce adopted by UNCITRAL on January 30, 1997. No international organisation before UNCITRAL had produced a text of uniform law with

A Clockwork Orange Essay - 553 Words

A Clockwork Orange We are first introduced to Alex (Malcolm McDowell) in the company of his posse, strangely sipping drugged milk in a freakish bar with anatomically indiscrete manikins serving as tittie-taps and tables. The ensuing scenes flash from Alex and his three droogs brutally beating an old man to a violent rape scene to a semi-chaotic gang-brawl. The story is of Alex and his love of the old ultra-violence, his act of murder, his betrayal and imprisonment, and his cure (twice). Adapted from Anthony Burgess’ 1962 novel, A Clockwork Orange is in part a response to psychological behaviorism and the age of classical conditioning. While in prison, Alex is selected for a special treatment that will cure him of his impulses to†¦show more content†¦The juxtaposition of classical cultural icons including Beethoven’s symphonies and Pomp and Circumstance with sexual violence and crime creates a grating tension between conventionality, conformity, and chaos. Another advantage of the visual/audio media to Burgess’ work is the fluidity afforded his unique Russo-anglican dialect. For all its artistry, however, the sad truth is that Kubrick’s adaptation of A Clockwork Orange to the big screen is painful to watch from beginning to end. Ultimately, I believe it fails as a film. The unfortunate consequence of Kubrick’s constant barrage of horrific scenes is that the most thoughtful, psychological, philosophical components of Burgess’ novel (that made it important enough a work to put on the big screen in the first place) are muddied and masked behind the very distracting shock value of the violence, which is, quite simply, too â€Å"in your face†. Let’s face it, the pornography is distracting. The important thematic questions having to do with free will and ethics in the age of psychological behaviorism, are present but unclear. Following his release from treatment, Alex, deprived of his ability to fight, is repeatedly victimized and beaten, and eventually driven to an attempted suicide by Beethoven’s 9th. If the filmâ₠¬â„¢s intent is to provoke its audiencesShow MoreRelatedA Clockwork Orange1450 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange is a dystopian novel set in an oppressive, futuristic state. Published in 1962, A Clockwork Orange is an extremely intense, graphic, and, at times, horrifying novel. A reader begins to question their own values as they become numb and desensitized to the violence at hand. Both behaviorism and free will is occurring throughout A Clockwork Orange. A Clockwork Orange brings up a question, how much control of our own free will do we actually have? Do we reallyRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay: Blindness in A Clockwork Orange970 Words   |  4 PagesBlindness in A Clockwork Orange In the novel, A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess has tried to show the importance of individual freedom over doing the right thing. He has taken an extreme example of violence and perverse acts to accent his strong belief. It is my opinion that Burgess has been blinded to some essential truths in his quest to ensure personal freedom. Personal freedom can be described as acting upon your own accord and not becoming restricted by the social paradigm in which youRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay551 Words   |  3 Pages A Clockwork Orange Authors who write of other times and places help us to better understand our own lives. Discuss A Clockwork Orange in terms of that statement. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A â€Å"clockwork orange† can be described as something that has a convincing outer appearance yet in the inside is merely controlled by outer influences, such as a clock set in motion by its owner. In A Clockwork Orange, Anthony Burgess takes us into the future where violent criminals are forced to be â€Å"goodRead MoreEssay on A Clockwork Orange916 Words   |  4 Pages I think that A Clockwork Orange is a book worth reading because it is relatable, makes you think, and is interesting. The author, Anthony Burgess, was born February 25, 1917. At the young age of two his mother passed away. He was brought up by his aunt and later his stepmother. Even with such an unstable childhood Burgess continued on to enroll in college and major in English. He had a passion for music, which he expressed in the main character of A Clockwork Orange. Burgess wrote several accomplishedRead MoreAnthony Burgess and A Clockwork Orange987 Words   |  4 PagesImagine existing in a world run by sadistic and insane street gangs who reek havoc on innocent civilians, and there is absolutely nothing you can do about it. Anthony Burgess created this world through his novel, A Clockwork Orange. Anthony Burgess was born in 1917 and died in 1963. A lot of social changes occurred during this period of time, such as: the roaring twenties, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and many more. Burgess not only lived through thoseRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay612 Words   |  3 Pages A Clockwork Orange nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To leave out the final chapter of A Clockwork Orange is to change the entire meaning of the novel; as Burgess says in the introduction, his story is transformed into a fable. Without the last chapter the reader is left with a dark and pessimistic theme, that absolute good and evil exist in this world and it is possible for a man to be pure evil. Alex is conditioned and unconditioned, and in the end all indications point to a malicious life of crimeRead MorePleasantville And A Clockwork Orange Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pages Pleasantville and A Clockwork orange are both films that have certain things that are abnormal. Pertaining to Pleasantville it begins in black and white and end to be in color because of being exposed of certain things. In a Clockwork Orange that is exposed with violence robbery is highly unusual because it is not something morally right to do. While analyzing both of these movies they both have certain distortions that can be covered that make their own individually, out of ordinary, a tad shockingRead More Clockwork Orange Essay example2225 Words   |  9 PagesClockwork Orange In all of my reading, I have come to the conclusion that Anthony Burgess is one of the greatest literary genius’s of the twentieth century. His masterpiece, A Clockwork Orange, is unrivaled in obvious depth, insight, and innovation. The novel is a work of such quality, such perfection, that it seems to be genuinely written by a literary demigod. The novels main theme deals with free choice and spiritual freedom. More specifically, [The ethical promise that A manRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay2139 Words   |  9 PagesA Clockwork Orange Eat this sweetish segment or spit it out. You are free.amp -Anthony Burgess Anthony Burgess has been heralded as one of the greatest literary geniuses of the twentieth century. Although Burgess has over thirty works of published literature, his most famous is A Clockwork Orange. Burgess’s novel is a futuristic look at a Totalitarian government. The main character, Alex, is an amp;quot;ultra-violentamp;quot; thief who has no problem using force against innocent citizensRead MoreA Clockwork Orange, by Stanley Kubrick1139 Words   |  5 Pagesadaptation of Anthony Burgess’ 1963 novel, A Clockwork Orange has been used to explore contemporary anxieties. A Clockwork Orange takes place in an outlandish and dreary vision of future Britain governed by an oppressive, totalitarian super government. In this society, ordinary people have fallen into a dazed state of complacency, unaware of the sinister growth of a rampant, violent youth culture. Anthony Burgess wrote his short novel A Clockwork Orange in 1962 as a way of coming to terms with the

Essay on The Prince vs. the Republic - 1024 Words

Machiavellis criticism of Platos The Republic states that a ruler who possesses an inherent quality of that which is consistently good will never have the authority to rule his or her people successfully. If a ruler always treats his subjects in a manner, which can be qualified as good, then he will ultimately meet his demise, as his subjects will rise against him. Machiavelli claims that it is unrealistic to assume that all the people of a kingdom will conduct themselves in a manner that will be consistent with the ruling of a good leader. Such republics or principalities do not exist in reality and are entirely hypothetical situations. Plato treats his republic as a means of demonstrating that there is a certain way for all people†¦show more content†¦He believes that the knowledge and application of the good will lead to a perfect state. However, this cannot be said to be realistic, as despite the education of the good, ones desires will ultimately overcome the need to be good and the state will collapse. If the rulers are only thinking of the overall good of the state, their own needs will not be met, which can lead to unhappiness on the part of the rulers and ultimately to the downfall of the system. Machiavelli implies in his criticism that the needs of the ruler must be met in order to maintain a stable state, he must trust his instincts and base desires in order to remain true to himself. If he does not, as Plato states and does as he ought to, not as he wishes to, then he will be living a lie within himself and not rule as he should. Without being true to what human nature tells one to do, an uprisi ng either within the ruler or of the subjects will take place and the state cannot stay afloat. As Plato states in the republic the desires of the less respectable majority are controlled by the desires and the wisdom of the superior minority (Part 5, 431d), however one cannot suppress all of the desires forever and the people will finally realize the oppression that they are experiencing and rise against the superior minority. The minority will not possess the power needed to control the less respectableShow MoreRelatedPetrarch and Machiavelli Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesThoughts on Ruling: Machiavelli VS. Petrarch In the fourteenth century, the humanist philosopher Francesco Petrarch wrote a letter entitled How a Ruler Ought to Govern His Sate. Nearly a century later, another philosopher by the name of Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book about governing, The Prince. The two documents show many similarities in content and theme. While the two wrote in similar subject matter, it is clear that these philosophers possess distinctly different viewpoints on how a rulerRead MoreComparing Aristotle And Niccolo Machiavelli Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst. Aristotle was a scholar and philosopher who practiced metaphysics (the desire to know everything) and thus wrote on a multitude of subjects. His work in writing Politics was part of his scholarly career. Machiavelli wrote The Prince to win favor with a prince and thus elevate his position. In the terms of the basic goals of politics, Aristotle saw humans as â€Å"political animal(s)† (Aristotle 6) and thus politics as a force of nature, so by default humans were destined for political activityRead MoreCompare And Contrast Socrates And Machiavelli1419 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates vs. Machiavelli: The meaning of truth As philosophers, both Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli developed theories in response to the warring political environment around them. However, the theories and principles developed by the two philosophers are vastly different in regard to the concept of truth, Socrates would hate Machiavelli’s model prince due to Machiavelli’s manipulative view of truth. While Socrates desired a state that focuses on fundamental truth and ethical decisions, MachiavelliRead MoreCritical Reflection on the Hidden Influence of the British Monarchy on Politics1336 Words   |  6 Pagesmeant they had the right to do anything he wanted as they had been appointed by God. However, after a century of bloody civil wars, unrest and political tensions -including the execution of Charles I, the Revolution of 1688, the rise and fall of a Republic and the restoration of the monarchy- the Parliament passed the Bill of Rights in 1689 (Stoyle, 2011). This document established the first foundations of constitutional monarchy, that is, a monarchy whose powers are bound by some written and unwrittenRead More The prince Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† attempts to explain the necessary tactics and required knowledge a ruler must attain in order to gain and maintain a successful reign. The novel serves as an abstract manual, addressing the definition of a good/bad ruler by placing emphasis on the required military organization, the character a ruler must posses, and the success that could be attained if a ruler should follow the guide. The scope in which the book is written is that of a scholarly observant. MachiavelliRead MoreWalt Disneys The Lion King Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility and revenge. However, this theme is one of the oldest in history, and it is not the least apparent in one of the oldest works of literature by The Bard himself, William Shakespeare. The work that Disneys TLK parallels is none other tha n Hamlet: Prince of Denmark and the film shadow this work so closely, that parallels between the main characters themselves are wildly apparent. But with a closer inspection of the characters themselves do we see just how apparent these similarities are. While inRead MoreVirtue and Prince4449 Words   |  18 PagesThe Prince is concerned with autocratic regimes Autocracy regime Regime autocracy a mode or system of rule or government of or relating to an absolute and unrestricted ruler a ruling or prevailing system. domineering or dictatorial a government in power. Wikipedia The Qualities of a Prince (Chapters 14-19) Each of the following chapters presents a discussion about a particular virtue or vice that a prince might have, and is therefore structured in aRead MoreMachiavelli vs Islamic Political Thought2559 Words   |  11 PagesMachiavelli vs Islamic Political Thought Niccolo Machiavelli was a political realist. He thought there were certain skills and characteristics needed to become a political ruler. In his work, The Prince, Machiavelli gives advice on how to be a successful prince, or ruler. Successful is partly based on how powerful a ruler was during his lifetime (reign), but largely based on how much the prince affected the lives, through laws or societal norms, of future generations. Machiavelli was mainly interestedRead MoreThirty Years’ War The Thirty Years War was a series of wars fought in the Holy Roman empire,900 Words   |  4 PagesProtestant states: Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Denmark (Trueman). Even though the war between the German Catholics and German Protestants were all in the Holy Roman Empire were both Christian it slowly spread was more of a fight over the balance of power. There were two sides in the Thirty Years’ War the Protestant League and the Catholic League. The Protestant League consisted of Frederick of Bohemia who was the leader of the Protestant princes, Denmark led by king Christian IV, SwedenRead MoreSocrates Vs. The Prince1842 Words   |  8 PagesSocrates vs. The Prince Niccolà ² Machiavelli, a Florentine philosopher and political aficionado from the 16th century and Socrates, a classical Athenian savant who lived during the 5th century B.C., are both judged as being forefathers to modern western political science and thought. The two great men both came from erratic epochs within their respective nations of Italy and Greece: wars, transitions of power, and domestic conflicts left their countries void of sustainable leadership and in desperate

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2269 words) Essay Example For Students

The Rise Of Communism In Russia (2269 words) Essay The Rise of Communism in Russia Unless we accept the claim that Lenins coup that gavebirth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in thehistory of mankind, we must recognize in todays Soviet Unionthe old empire of the Russians the only empire that survivedinto the mid 1980s (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx andFriedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage ofsocialism in which all class differences would disappear andhumankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to havediscovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the lawsof history. They declared that the course of history wasdetermined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economicsystem and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal systemhad given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give wayto socialism. The class struggle of the future would be betweenthe bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and theproletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end,according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and theattainment of full communism (Groilers Encyclopedia). Socialism, of which Marxism-Leninism is a takeoff,originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it wasbrought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century andpromptly attracted support among the countrys educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes,21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modernworking class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe wasexperiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, theRussian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of allthe Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conqueringpolitical freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin hadbecome a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. Heexhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribeof that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of thePopulists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among theRussian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decadepreviously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until1898. In that year a congress of nine men met at Minsk toproclaim the establishment of the Russian Social DemocraticWorkers Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congressafter the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist PeterStruve, a member of the moderate Legal Marxist group who soonafterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto isindicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions,and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democraticworkers Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in thesummer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of theBelgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings wereconcluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitterwrangling among the representatives of various Russian MarxistFactions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused byLenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement,and his hard philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporarymajority for his faction and seized upon the label 0Bolshevik(Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to thesoft or more democratic position became known as the Mensheviksor minority(Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leadingplace among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of theSecond party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radicalsentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenins stress onthe party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevikfaction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, heaccommodated himself in large measure to Lenins philosophy ofparty dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surfaceagain in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the SocialDemocratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing arebellious group of Bolsheviks. This was to be in opposition ofthe new majority of the congress, the Menshiviks, led byTrotsky. Twenty-two Bolsheviks, including Lenin, met in Genevain August of 1904 to promote the idea of the highly disciplinedparty and to urge the reorganization of the whole Social-Democratic movement on Leninist lines (Stoessinger, 33). The differences between Lenin and the Bogdanov group ofrevolutionary romantics came to its peak in 1909. Lenindenounced the otzovists, also known as the recallists, whowanted to recall the Bolshevik deputies in the Duma, and theultimatists who demanded that the deputies take a more radicalstand both for their philosophical vagaries which he rejectedas idealism, and for the utopian purism of their refusal to taketactical advantage of the Duma. The real issue was Leninscontrol of the faction and the enforcement of his brand ofMarxist orthodoxy. Lenin demonstrated his grip of the Bolshevikfaction at a meeting in Paris of the editors of the Bolsheviksfactional paper, which had become the headquarters of thefaction. Bogdanov and his followers were expelled from theBolshevik faction, though they remained within the Social-Democratic fold (Wren, 95). The Civil Rights Movement Essay The Eastern Front had been relatively quiet during 1917,and shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution a temporary armisticewas agreed upon. Peace negotiations were then begun at thePolish town of Brest-Litovsk, behind the German lines. Inagreement with their earlier anti-imperialist line, the Bolsheviknegotiators, headed by Trotsky, used the talks as a discussionfor revolutionary propaganda, while most of the party expectedthe eventual return of war in the name of revolution. Leninstartled his followers in January of 1918 by explicitlydemanding that the Soviet republic meet the German conditionsand conclude a formal peace in order to win what he regarded asan indispensable breathing spell, instead of shallowly riskingthe future of the revolution (Daniels, 135). Trotsky resigned as Foreign Commissar during the Brest-Litovsk crisis, but he was immediately appointed Commissar ofMilitary Affairs and entrusted with the creation of a new RedArmy to replace the old Russian army which had dissolved duringthe revolution. Many Communists wanted to new military force tobe built up on strictly revolutionary principles, with guerrillatactics, the election of officers, and the abolition oftraditional discipline. Trotsky set himself emphatically againstthis attitude and demanded an army organized in the conventionalway and employing military specialists experienced officersfrom the old army. Hostilities between the Communists and the Whites, whowere the groups opposed to the Bolsheviks, reached a decisiveclimax in 1919.Intervention by the allied powers on the sideof the Whites almost brought them victory. Facing the mostserious White threat led by General Denikin in Southern Russia,Lenin appealed to his followers for a supreme effort, andthreatened ruthless repression of any opposition behind thelines. By early 1920 the principal White forces were defeated(Wren, 151). For three years the rivalry went on with theWhites capturing areas and killing anyone suspected of Communistpractices. Even though the Whites had more soldiers in theirarmy, they were not nearly as organized nor as efficient as theReds, and therefore were unable to rise up (Farah, 582). Police action by the Bolsheviks to combat politicalopposition commenced with the creation of the Cheka. Under thedirection of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the Cheka became the prototypeof totalitarian secret police systems, enjoying at criticaltimes the right the right of unlimited arrest and summaryexecution of suspects and hostages. The principle of suchpolice surveillance over the political leanings of the Sovietpopulation has remained in effect ever since, despite the varyingintensity of repression and the organizational changes of thepolice from Cheka to GPU (The State Political Administration)to NKVD (peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs) to MVD(Ministry of Internal Affairs) to the now well-known KGB(Committee for State Security) (Pipes, 140). Lenin used his secret police in his plans to use terrorto achieve his goals and as a political weapon against hisenemies. Anyone opposed to the communist state was arrested. Many socialists who had backed Lenins revolution at first nowhad second thoughts. To escape punishment, they fled. By 1921Lenin had strengthened his control and the White armies andtheir allies had been defeated (Farah, 582). Communism had now been established and Russia had becomea socialist country. Russia was also given a new name: The Unionof Soviet Socialist Republics. This in theory meant that themeans of production was in the hands of the state. The state,in turn, would build the future, classless society. But still,the power was in the hands of the party (Farah, 583). The nextdecade was ruled by a collective dictatorship of the top partyleaders. At the top level individuals still spoke forthemselves, and considerable freedom for factional controversyremained despite the principles of unity laid down in 1921. Works CitedDaniels, Robert V., A Documentary History of Communism. New York: Random House Publishing, 1960. Farah, Mounir, The Human Experience. Columbus: Bell Howess Co., 1990. Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union. New York: St. Martins Press, 1983. Pipes, Richard, Survival is Not Enough. New York: SS Publishing, 1975. Stoessinger, John G., Nations in Darkness. Boston: Howard Books, 1985. Wren, Christopher S., The End of the Line. San Francisco: Blackhawk Publishing, 1988.

Research on Mobile Software Engineering free essay sample

Research on the Software Engineering on Mobile Applications Derrick S Ablog Q-1123E Fort Del Pilar Baguio City 0932-8622564 [emailprotected] com ABSTRACT This research study is a compilation of previous researches and will concentrate on three aspects of Software mobile engineering; 1) important software engineering issues 2) its significant challenges and 3) its significant challenges 4) the future of software mobile engineering. General Terms Software engineering, Mobile Applications 1. INTRODUCTION According to Wasserman last 2010, an exponential growth of application development for mobile devices goes back at least 10 years, since the iPhone AppStore opened in July, 2008. Since then, device makers have created outlets for other mobile devices, including Android, BlackBerry, Nokia Ovi, Windows Phone, and more. Industry analysts estimate that there are more than 250,000 applications available through the various stores and marketplaces, some of which are available for multiple types of devices. Dehlinger said that the rapid proliferation of mobile devices has dramatically altered the platform that is utilized for social, business, entertainment, gaming, productivity and marketing using software applications. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Mobile Software Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the rapid proliferation of mobile devices and applications has outpaced the software engineering approaches tailored to mobile application software engineering. In addition, according Dehlinger traditional software engineering approaches may not directly apply in a mobile device context. In this position paper,  we discuss how these three factors present four significant challenges to mobile application software engineering that are critical to enable the design and development of quality mobile application utilizing the capabilities provided by mobile device hardware and platforms. 2. Mobile Software Engineering According to Ben Morris, Mobile Software engineering is the adaptive process of creating a software product that is intended to be used by people while they are mobile, by this action the process must take into account the specific characteristics of mobile usage to deliver he required quality. Quality is defined as the meeting or exceeding the customer’s expectation. 3. Its Significant Challenges According to Dehlinger[2], 2012, firstly, mobile device user interfaces (UI) provide a new paradigm for new human-computer interaction sequences (e. g. , multi-touch interfaces, QR code scanning, image recognition, augmented reality, etc. ) that have not been previously explored in research and of which no established UI guidelines exist. Second, the divergent mobile platforms (e. g. , iOS, Android, Windows 7, etc. ), differing hardware makers for platforms (e. g., Android versions found on HTC, Google, Samsung) and mobile phone and tablet platforms (e. g. , Apple’s iPhone and iPad) have necessitated developers to make a series of the same application tailored for each type of device. Third, the novelty of a truly mobile computing platform provides both unique opportunities and challenges. For example, Roman, Picco and Murphy assert that â€Å"mobility represents a total meltdown of all the stability assumptions† made in software engineering.